Reference List Citation:
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year of Publication). Title of book: Subtitle (edition). Publisher.
Example:
Marotz, L. R. (2020). Health, safety, and nutrition for the young child (10th ed.). Cengage Learning.
In-Text Citation: Quote
Parenthetical Style:
The author's last name, publication year, and page number(s) appear at the end of the quote.
Example: (Marotz, 2020, p. 13)
Narrative Style:
The author's last name is included as part of the sentence followed by the publication year in parentheses. The page number(s) in parentheses appears after the quote.
Example: According to Marotz (2020) the "quote from the source" (p. 13).
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
Parenthetical Style:
The author's last name and publication year appear at the end of the paraphrase.
Example: (Marotz, 2020)
Narrative Style:
The author's last name are included as part of the sentence followed by the publication year in parentheses.
Example: Marotz (2020) stated that...
Reference List Citation:
First Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given., & Second Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of book: Subtitle (edition). Publisher Name.
Example:
Vincent, C., & Amalberti, R. (2016). Safer healthcare: Strategies for the real world. Springer Open.
In-Text Citation: Quote
Parenthetical Style:
The authors' last names, publication year, and page number(s) appear at the end of the quote.
Example: (Vincent & Amalberti, 2016, p. 13)
Narrative Style:
The authors' last names are included as part of the sentence followed by the publication year in parentheses. The page number(s) in parentheses appears after the quote.
Example: According to Vincent and Amalberti (2016) the "quote from the source" (p. 13).
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
Parenthetical Style:
The authors' last names and publication year appear at the end of the paraphrase.
Example: (Vincent & Amalberti, 2016)
Narrative Style:
The authors' last names are included as part of the sentence followed by the publication year in parentheses.
Example: Vincent and Amalberti (2016) stated that...
Reference List Citation
If your source has three to twenty authors, include all of the authors' last names, first initials, and second initials (if given) in the Reference List citation. If your source has more than twenty authors, you must list all of the authors up to the 19th author, then insert an ellipsis (three periods in a row) and the final author’s name and continue on with the citation.
First Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Second Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial.,& Last Name of Final Author, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of book: Subtitle (edition). Publisher.
Examples:
Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., Orr, R., Rawle, F. E., Durnford, D. G., Moyes, C. D., & Scott, K. G. E. (2024). Campbell biology (4th Canadian edition). Pearson.
Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole, R., Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier, D., Marshak, J., Koster, R., . . . Kim, H. (2019). The subseasonal experiment (SubX): A multimodel subseasonal prediction experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100(10), 2043-2061.
In-Text Citation: Quote
Parenthetical Style:
The first author's last name and ‘et al.’, publication year, and page number(s) appear at the end of the quote.
Example:
(Urry et al., 2024, p. 42)
Narrative Style:
The first author's last name and et al. are included as part of the sentence followed by the publication year in parentheses. The page number(s) in parentheses appears after the quote.
Example:
According to Urry et al. (2024) the "quote from the source" (p. 42).
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
Parenthetical Style:
The first author's last name and ‘et al.’, and publication year appear at the end of the paraphrase.
Example: (Urry et al., 2024)
Narrative Style:
The first author's last name and ‘et al.’ are included as part of the sentence followed by the publication year in parentheses.
Example:
Urry et al. (2024) state that ...
References List Citation :
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of book: Subtitle (edition if given). Publisher.
Example:
Schanbacher, W. D. (2019). Food as a human right: Combatting global hunger and forging a path to food sovereignty. Praeger.
In-Text Citation: Quote
*Note: If the eBook does not have page numbers, other information such as chapter and/or section is given so that the reader can easily locate the quote.
Examples:
Parenthetical Style: (Schanbacher, 2019, p. 55)
Narrative Style: According to Schanbacher (2019), the "quote from the source" (p.55).
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
Required elements: Author's Last Name, Year
Examples:
Parenthetical Style: (Schanbacher, 2019)
Narrative Style: According to Schanbacher (2019), ...
Reference List Citation:
First Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., & Second Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of book: Subtitle (edition). Publisher. https://doi.org/DOI-number (if given)
Example:
Vincent, C., & Amalberti, R. (2016). Safer healthcare: Strategies for the real world. Springer Open.
In-Text Citation: Quote
**Note: If the eBook does not have page numbers, other information such as chapter and/or section is given so that the reader can easily locate the quote.
Examples:
Parenthetical Style: (Vincent & Amalberti, 2016, p. 13)
Narrative Style: According to Vincent and Amalberti (2016) the "quote from the source" (p. 13).
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
Required elements: Authors' Last Names, Year
Examples:
Parenthetical Style: (Vincent & Amalberti, 2016)
Narrative Style: Vincent and Amalberti (2016) stated that...
References List Citation :
If your source has three to twenty authors, include all of the authors' last names, first initials, and second initials (if given) in the Reference List citation.
First Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Second Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., & Last Name of Final Author, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of book: Subtitle (edition). Publisher. https://doi.org/DOI-number-if-given
Example:
Guo, B., Liu, X., & Tan, X. (2017). Petroleum production engineering (2nd ed.). Gulf Professional Publishing.
In-Text Citation: Quote
**Note: If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation. If the eBook does not have page numbers, other information such as chapter and/or section is given so that the reader can easily locate the quote.
Examples:
Parenthetical Style: (Guo et al., 2017, p.47)
Narrative Style: According to Guo et al. (2017) the "quote from the source" (p. 47).
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
**Note: If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation.
Examples:
Parenthetical Style: (Guo et al., 2017)
Narrative Style: According to Guo et al., “direct quote or paraphrase” (2017).
Leitch, M. G., & Rushton, C. J. (Eds.). (2019). A new companion to Malory. D. S. Brewer.
In-Text Citation: Quote
Parenthetical Style:
The author's last name, publication year, and page number(s) appear at the end of the quote.
Example: (Marotz, 2020, p. 13)
Narrative Style:
The author's last name is included as part of the sentence followed by the publication year in parentheses. The page number(s) in parentheses appears after the quote.
Example: According to Marotz (2020) the "quote from the source" (p. 13).
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
Parenthetical Style:
The author's last name and publication year appear at the end of the paraphrase.
Example: (Marotz, 2020)
Narrative Style:
The author's last name are included as part of the sentence followed by the publication year in parentheses.
Example: Marotz (2020) stated that...
Reference List Citation:
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of chapter, article, essay or short story: Subtitle. Editor's First Initial. Second Initial. Editor's Last Name (Ed.), Title of book: Subtitle (pp. first page number-last page number). Publisher. https://doi.org/DOI-number-if-given
Example:
Stockert, P. A., & Taylor, C. (2014). Sleep. P. A. Potter, A. G. Perry, J. C. Ross-Kerr, & M.J. Wood (Eds.), Canadian fundamentals of nursing (5th Cdn. ed., pp. 993-1016). Elsevier.
In-Text Citation: Quote
Examples:
Parenthetical Style: (Stockert & Taylor, 2014, p. 998)
Narrative Style: According to Stockert & Taylor (2014), the "quote from the source" (p. 998).
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
Examples:
Parenthetical Style: (Stockert & Taylor, 2014)
Narrative Style: According to Stockert & Taylor (2014), ...
Reference List Citation:
Author of chapter/article’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of Publication of Course Packet). Title of chapter/article from course pack. First Initial. Last Name of Instructor Who Created Course Pack (Ed.), Title of course pack (pp. first page of reading-last page of reading). Seneca Polytechnic.
Example:
Morris, M. (2014). The lifeguard. In T. Hay (Ed.), SES 225: Stories of youth (pp.125-132). Seneca Polytechnic.
In-Text Citation: Quote
**Note: If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation. If the eBook does not have page numbers, other information such as chapter and/or section is given so that the reader can easily locate the quote.
Examples:
Parenthetical Style: (Morris, 2014, p. 125)
Narrative Style: According to Morris (2014) the "quote from the source" (p. 125).
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
Examples:
Parenthetical Style: (Morris, 2014)
Narrative Style: According to Morris (2014)...
Reference List Citation:
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of laboratory manual: Subtitle if given (edition). Publisher.
Example:
Wassenaar-Faber, M. (2015). BIO173 lab manual: Introduction to biological techniques part I. Seneca Polytechnic.
In-Text Citation: Quote
(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page Number)
Example:
(Wassenaar-Faber, 2015, p.55)
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
(Author's Last Name, Year)
Example:
(Wassenaar-Faber, 2015)
From a database:
Reference List Citation:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Initial. (Publication Year). Title of case study. Case Study Number (if given). Database permalink
**Note: If your source has two to twenty authors, include all of the authors' last names, first initials, and second initials (if given) in the Reference List citation.
Examples:
Berry, A. (2024). Banning TikTok: A case study of communication in international relations. https://library.senecapolytechnic.ca/res/sagebuscase
Jones, G. G., & Rahmani, M. (2022). In search of global regulation. Harvard Business School Case 822-122. https://library.senecapolytechnic.ca/res/harvardcasestudies
Poulose, J., Sharma, V., Kapse, M., & Payal, R. (2024). Understanding generational and perceptual differences in ethical behavior: Growing old is not the same as growing up! https://library.senecapolytechnic.ca/res/sagebuscase
In-Text Citation: Quote
**Note: If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation.
Examples:
(Berry, 2024, p. 7)
(Jones & Rahmani, 2022, p.5)
(Poulose et al., 2024, p. 3)
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
(Author's Last Name, Year)
**Note: If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation.
Examples:
(Berry, 2021)
(Jones & Rahmani, 2022)
(Poulose et al., 2024)
From a Website:
Reference List Citation
Author's Last Name, Author's First Initial. (Publication Year). Title of case study. Case study number (if given). URL
**Note: If your source has two to twenty authors, include all of the authors' last names, first initials, and second initials (if given) in the Reference List citation.
Examples:
Henderson, R. M., Locke, R. M., & Lyddy, C. (2019). Nike considered: Getting traction on sustainability. https://mitsloan.mit.edu/teaching-resources-library/nike-considered-getting-traction-sustainability
Shotts, K. W., & Melvin, S. (2021). Intellectual property in a time of pandemic: The COVID-19 vaccines. Case No. ETH33. https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/case-studies/intellectual-property-time-pandemic-covid-19-vaccines
In-Text Citation: Quote
(Author's Last Names, Year, p. Page Number if given)
**Note: If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation.
Examples:
(Henderson et al., 2019, p. 4)
(Shotts & Melvin, 2021, p. 2)
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
(Author's Last Names, Year)
**Note: If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation.
Examples:
(Henderson et al., 2019)
(Shotts & Melvin, 2021)
From a Book:
Reference List Citation;
Last Name of Case Study Author, Author's First Initial. (Publication Year of Book). Title of case study or chapter. First Initial. Last Name of Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. Page Numbers). Publisher.
Example:
Rivera, R. G. (2021). Green cause-related marketing for social innovation: Helping people to reimagine plastic recycling and sustainability. M. M. Galan-Ladero, C. Galera-Casquet, & H. M. Alves (Eds.), Cause-related marketing: Case studies from a global perspective (pp. 19-30). Springer.
In-Text Citation: Quote
(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page Number if given)
Examples:
(Rivera, 2021, p. 23)
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
(Author's Last Name, Year)
Examples:
(Rivera, 2021)
If you reproduce ("insert") a figure or table in your assignment:
​This happens if you only wish to cite information from an image, infographic, chart, table, or graph and are not inserting it in your paper:
â–ºNote
Begin the attribution with the word Note.
â–ºDescription
Include a short description.
â–º"From" or "Adapted from"
If you are reusing the exact image, start the copyright attribution statement with From. If you have modified the image, start the statement with Adapted from.
â–ºCitation Information
Use the order of: "Title of Article" by A. Author and B. Author, year, Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), p. xx.
Example:
"Sleep Deprivation in New Mothers" by R. Smith, 2016, Postpartum Journal, 7(4), p. 32.
â–ºCopyright Information
Include one of the following at the end of the attribution under the figure:
Copyright year by Name of Copyright Holder.
The copyright holder of a journal article is the publisher of a journal, usually found at the bottom of the journal's website, next to the copyright symbol.
Example: Copyright 2020 by John Wiley & Sons.
In the public domain.
Creative Commons license (e.g., CC BY)
Example: Inserting a Table from a Journal
Table 1​
Comparison of Antimicrobial Resistant Genes in Chicken Gut Microbiome Grown on Organic and Conventional Diet
| Antibiotics | Conventional Diet |
| Amoxicillan | ampC, sugE |
| Penicillin | ampC, sugE |
Note. From "Comparison of Antimicrobial Resistant Genes in Chicken Gut Microbiome Grown on Organic and Conventional Diet," by N. V. Hegde, S. Kariyawasam, and C. DebRoy, 2016, Veterinary and Animal Science, 13(2), p. 13 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2016.07.001). Copyright 2016 by Elsevier BV.
|
Figure 3​ Union Station (Toronto, Ontario) Note. From Toronto: Union Station [Photograph], by The City of Toronto, 2010, Flickr (https://flic.kr/p/fZDBFK). CC BY. |
Example: Inserting an Image from an eBook
|
Figure 2​ Santa Maria dei Miracoli Church |
Reference List Citation:
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle. Name of Journal, Volume Number(Issue Number if Page Numbering Begins at 1 for Each Issue in the Volume), page range. https://doi.org/number
Example:
Bailey, N. W. (2012). Evolutionary models of extended phenotypes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 27(3), 561-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.05.011
In-Text Citation: Quote
Examples:
Parenthetical Style: (Bailey, 2012, p. 562)
Narrative Style: Bailey (2012) states that "insert quote here" (p. 562).
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
Examples:
Parenthetical Style: (Bailey, 2012)
Narrative Style: Bailey (2012) finds that...
Reference List Citation:
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., & Last Name of Second Author, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle. Name of Journal, Volume Number(Issue Number if Page Numbering Begins at 1 for Each Issue in the Volume), first page number-last page number. https://doi.org/number
Example:
Lane, J. D., & Williams, R. B. (1987). Cardiovascular effects of caffeine and stress in regular coffee drinkers. Psychophysiology, 24(2), 157-164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00271.x
In-Text Citation: Quote
Examples:
Parenthetical Style: (Lane & Williams, 1987, p. 158)
Narrative Style: Lane and Williams (1987) state that "insert quote here" (p. 158).
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
Examples:
Parenthetical Style: (Lane & Williams, 1987)
Narrative Style: Lane and Williams (1987) find that...
Reference List Citation:
If your source has three to twenty authors, include all of the authors' last names, first initials, and second initials (if given) in the Reference List citation.
First Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Second Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Third Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., & Last Name of Final Author, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle. Name of Journal, Volume Number(Issue Number if Page Numbering Begins at 1 for Each Issue in the Volume), first page number-last page number. https://doi.org/number
Examples:
Duell, N., Steinberg, L., Icenogle, G., Chein, J., Chaudhary, N., Di Giunta, L., Dodge, K. A., Fanti, K. A., Lansford, J. E., Oburu, P., Pastorelli, C., Skinner, A. T., Sorbring, E., Tapanya, S., Uribe Tirado, L. M., Alampay, L. P., Al-Hassan, S. M., Takash, H. M. S, Bacchini, D., & Chang, L. (2017). Age patterns in risk taking across the world. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(5), 1052–1072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0752-y
Pempek, T. A., Yermolayeva, Y. A., & Calvert, S. L. (2009). College students' social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 3(2), 227-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.010
Tobaldini, E., Costantino, G., Solbiati, M., Cogliati, C., Kara, T., Nobili, L., & Montano, N. (2017). Sleep, sleep deprivation, autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular diseases. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 74(Pt B), 321–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.004
In-Text Citation: Quote
If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation.
Example:
Parenthetical style :
(Pempek et al., 2009, p. 230)
Narrative style:
Duell et al. (2017) state that "insert quote here" (p. 1060).
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
Example:
Parenthetical style:
(Pempek et al., 2009)
Examples:
Narrative style :
Pempek et al. (2009) find that...
Reference List Citation:
When the work has 21 or more authors, include only the first 19 names, an ellipsis, and the final name.
Example:
Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C., Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . . Kovács, A. (2019). Indie pop rocks mathematics: Twenty One Pilots, Nicolas Bourbaki, and the empty set. Journal of Improbable Mathematics, 27(1), 1935–1968. https://doi.org/10.0000/3mp7y-537
In-Text Citation: Quote
If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation.
Example:
Parenthetical Style: (Wiskunde et al., 2019, p. 1937)
Narrative Style: Wiskunde et al. (2019) state that "insert quote here" (p. 1937).
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
Example:
Parenthetical Style: (Wiskunde et al., 2019)
Narrative Style: Wiskunde et al. (2019) state that...
Reference List Citation:
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle. Name of Journal, Volume Number(Issue Number if Page Numbering Begins at 1 for Each Issue in the Volume), first page number-last page number.
Example:
Carlisle, D. (2012). In the line of fire. Nursing Standard, 26(39), 18-19.
In-Text Citation: Quote
Examples:
Parenthetical Style: (Carlisle, 2012, p. 18)
Narrative Style: Carlisle (2012) states that "insert quote here" (p. 18).
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
Examples:
Parenthetical Style: (Carlisle, 2012)
Narrative Style: Carlisle (2012) finds that...
Reference List Citation:
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of Publication, incl. month & day if given). Title of article: Subtitle. Name of Magazine, Volume Number(Issue Number if Page Numbering Begins at 1 for Each Issue in the Volume), first page number-last page number.
**Note: If your source has two to twenty authors, include all of the authors' last names, first initials, and second initials (if given) in the Reference List citation.
Examples:
Abernathy, J., Candelon, F., Evgeniou, T., Gupta, A., & Lostanlen, Y. (2024, March-April). Bring human values to AI. Harvard Business Review, 102(2), 60-68.
Bruder, J., & Saraswati, R. (2019, December). The immigrants who took on Amazon. Wired, 27(12), 58-69.
Gara, A. (2019, October). Wall Street's best dealmaker. Forbes, 202(8), 56-68.
In-Text Citation: Quote
**Note: When there are no visible page numbers on the article, indicate which section (if given) and paragraph the quote came from in your in-text citation. If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation.
Examples:
Parenthetical Style:
(Abernathy et al., 2024, p.61)
(Bruder & Saraswati, 2019, p. 60)
(Gara, 2019, p. 61)
Narrative Style:
Abernathy et al. (2024) state that "insert quote here" (p. 61).
Bruder & Saraswati (2019) state that "insert quote here" (p. 60).
Gara (2019) states that "insert quote here" (p. 61).
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
**Note: If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation.
Examples:
(Abernathy et al., 2024)
(Bruder & Saraswati, 2019)
(Gara, 2019)
Narrative Style:
Abernathy et al. (2024) find that...
Bruder & Saraswati (2019) find that...
Gara (2019) finds that...
Reference List Citation:
Note: If your source has two to twenty authors, include all of the authors' last names, first initials, and second initials (if given) in the Reference List citation.
Last Name of Author, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of Publication, month & day if given). Title of article: Subtitle. Name of Magazine, Volume Number (Issue Number if given), first page number-last page number if given. URL.
Examples:
Andersen, R. (2024, June 12). A wild plan to avert catastrophic sea-level rise. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2024/07/nasa-nisar-mission-glaciers-sea-ice-thwaites/678522/
Chevallier, A., Dalsace, F., & Barsoux, J. (2024, May-June). The art of asking smarter questions. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2024/05/the-art-of-asking-smarter-questions
Fox, M. J., & Brooks, D. W. (2024, January 15). A key to detecting brain disease earlier than ever. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/a-key-to-detecting-brain-disease-earlier-than-ever/
In-Text Citation: Quote
Note: When there are no visible page numbers on the article, indicate which section (if given) and paragraph the quote came from in your in-text citation. If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation.
Parenthetical Style Examples:
(Andersen, 2024, para. 2)
(Chevallier et al., 2024, para. 5)
(Fox & Brooks, 2024, para. 1)
Narrative Style Examples:
Andersen (2024) states that "insert quote here" (para. 2).
Chevallier et al. (2024) state that "insert quote here" (para. 5).
Fox & Brooks (2024) state that "insert quote here" (para. 1).
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
Note: If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation.
Parenthetical Style Examples:
(Andersen, 2024)
(Chevallier et al., 2024)
(Fox & Brooks, 2024)
Narrative Style Examples:
Andersen (2024) finds that...
Chevallier et al. (2024) find that...
Fox & Brooks (2024) find that...
Reference List Citation:
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of Publication, Month). Title of article: Subtitle. Name of Magazine, Volume Number(Issue Number), first page number-last page number.
Example:
Abramsky, S. (2012, May). The other America 2012. Nation, 294(20), 11-18.
In-Text Citation: Quote
(Author's Last Name, Year, Page Number)
Example:
(Abramsky, 2012, p. 14)
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
(Author's Last Name, Year)
Example:
(Abramsky, 2012)
*Note: Cite social media only when the material was originally published there, such as an original Instagram post. If the link to a resource was posted on social media, such a Pinterest pin or link in a Tweet, cite the resource directly.
LinkedIn:
Reference List Citation:
Author's Last Name, First Initial. or Group Name. (Year posted). First twenty words of post [Description of attached content] [Post or Video]. LinkedIn. http://URL
*Notes: Since posts don't have exact dates, use an approximate year for the date element. If the post includes other content, add this information in square brackets after the post element. Examples include [Image attached], [Thumbnail with link attached], [Video attached].
Example:
Statistics Canada. (2021). Using data from the Canadian #Housing Statistics Program, our latest article shows that first-time home buyers in #BritishColumbia had higher [Image attached] [Post]. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/posts/statcan_housing-britishcolumbia-novascotia-activity-6846187529159380992-kbKh
In-Text Citation: Quote
(Author's Last Name or Group Name, Year)
Example:
(Statistics Canada, 2021)
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
(Author's Last Name or Group Name, Year)
Example:
(Statistics Canada, 2021)
LinkedIn Profile
Reference List Citation:
Author's Last Name, First Initial. or Group Name. (n.d.). Page title [LinkedIn page]. LinkedIn. Retrieved date, from http://URL
*Notes: Since profiles don't have update dates, use n.d. in the date element. For page title, identify the section on the profile, such as Home, About, Jobs.
Example:
O'Brien, C. (n.d.). Home [LinkedIn page]. LinkedIn. Retrieved 22 September 2021, from https://www.linkedin.com/in/conanobrien
In-Text Citation: Quote
(Author's Last Name or Group Name, n.d.)
Example:
(O'Brien, n.d.)
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
(Author's Last Name or Group Name, n.d.)
Example:
(O'Brien, n.d.)
Instagram:
Reference List Citation:
Author's Last Name, First Initial. or Group Name [@Username]. (Year of post, Month Day). First twenty words of post [Format of post, such as photograph(s), video]. Instagram. http://postURL
Example:
Statistics Canada [@statcan_eng]. (2019, November 7). Did you know that 33% of graduates from the class of 2015 paid off their student debt within three years [Infographic]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B4kuBnolB1J/
*Note: Write out the actual text of the forum post title in the citation and keep spelling and grammar the same as in the original, even if there are errors.
In-Text Citation: Quote
(Author's Last Name or Group Name, Year)
Example:
(Statistics Canada, 2019)
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
(Author's Last Name or Group Name, Year)
Example:
(Statistics Canada, 2019)
X (formerly Twitter):
Reference List Citation:
Author's Last Name, First Initial. or Group Name [@XUsername]. (Year of post, Month Day). First twenty words of post [Post]. Twitter. http://XPostURL
Example:
CBC Toronto [@CBCToronto]. (2019, November 15). Many Canadians are frustrated by the overpackaging of food and household necessities at the grocery store, where they are often found in plastic bag, wrap, boxes and trays [post]. https://twitter.com/CBCToronto/status/1195318121143422976.
*Note: Write out the actual text of the post in the citation and keep spelling and grammar the same as in the original, even if there are errors.
In-Text Citation: Quote
(Author's Last Name or Group Name, Year)
Example:
(CBC Toronto, 2019)
*Note: Because tweets do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings,this information is left out of the in-text citation.
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
(Author's Last Name or Group Name, Year)
Example:
(CBC Toronto, 2019)
Facebook:
Reference List Citation:
Author's Last Name, First Initial. or Group Name. (Year of post, Month Day). First twenty words of post [Description of audiovisual content]. Facebook. http://postURL
Example:
Seneca Polytechnic. (2019, November 28). Future Workforce student panel represented by Seneca students! Future Workforce is a gathering of 200+ employers of students and new [Image attached]. Facebook. https://bit.ly/2YAeI4z.
*Note: Write out the actual text of the post in the citation and keep spelling and grammar the same as in the original, even if there are errors.
In-Text Citation: Quote
(Author's Last Name or Group Name, Year)
Example:
(Seneca Polytechnic, 2019)
*Note: Because posts do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings, this information is left out of the in-text citation.
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
(Author's Last Name or Group Name, Year)
Example:
(Seneca Polytechnic, 2019)
TikTok:
Reference List Citation:
Account Name [@username]. (Year posted, Month Day). First twenty words of post [Video]. TikTok. http://URL
Example:
Saturday Night Live [@nbcsnl]. (2021, March 29). Ok but for real what is an NFT [Video]. https://www.tiktok.com/@nbcsnl/video/6945222679502785797
*Note: Write out the actual text of the post in the citation and keep spelling and grammar the same as in the original, even if there are errors.
In-Text Citation: Quote
(Author's Last Name or Group Name, Year, Timestamp for beginning of quote)
Example:
(Saturday Night Live, 2021, 0:10)
In-Text Citation: Paraphrase
(Author's Last Name or Group Name, Year)
Example:
(Saturday Night Live, 2021)
Interviews & Emails:
Interviews and emails are considered personal communications in APA style. They are cited within the text of your assignment, but do not get an entry on the references list. Put the citation right after a quote or paraphrased content from the interview or email.
Example:
"Infections are often contracted while patients are recovering in the hospital" (J. D. Black, personal communication, May 30, 2013).
Example:
*Note: If the name of the person who was interviewed is mentioned in the sentence leading into the quote or paraphrased content, you do not need to repeat it in the in-text citation.
J. D. Black explained that "infections are often contracted while patients are recovering in the hospital" (personal communication, May 30, 2013).
No Author:
Example: Article from a print newspaper
Reference List Citation:
Get on board for train safety. (2012, June 17). Toronto Star.
In-text Citation:
Paraphrase: ("Get on Board," 2012)
Direct Quote: ("Get on Board," 2012, p. A14)
*Note: titles may be shortened in the in-text citation.
Example: Print book
Reference List Citation:
Introduction to food science. (2018). ABC Press.
In-text Citation:
Paraphrase: (Introduction to Food Science, 2018)
Direct Quote: (Introduction to Food Science, 2018, p.25)
*Note: If the title of the source is Italicized in the reference list citation, remember to Italicize the title in your in-text citation. You don't need to surround the title in quotation marks if the title is in Italics.
No Publication Date:
If your source doesn't have a date, write n.d. where you would normally provide the date. For example:
Reference List Citation
Seneca Polytechnic. (n.d.). Seneca's art collection. https://www.senecapolytechnic.ca/collection/
In-text Citation
(Seneca Polytechnic, n.d.)
No Page Numbers:
If you're quoting from a source without page numbers, include the location where you found the information in your in-text citation. This includes the name of section/heading (if available) and paragraph number where you found the information. Count the paragraph from the beginning of the document or section (if available).
*Note: Although not required, APA encourages including the page number when paraphrasing if it will help the reader locate the information in a long text and distinguish between the information that is coming from you and the source.
Examples:
(Diabetes Canada, n.d., Move More section, para. 2)
(World Health Organization, 2020, para. 10)
No Title:
If you're citing a source without a title, include a description of the work in square brackets. For example:
Reference List Citation:
Vividata. (2018). [Potato chips - personally ate in the past 6 months for all respondents 14+ in Ontario]. http://library.senecapolytechnic.ca/res/vividata.html
In-text Citation:
(Vividata, 2018)
In-text citations point the reader to more complete information in the reference list at the end of the paper. Every in-text citation should have a corresponding reference list entry and vice-versa.
For both direct quotes and paraphrases, a signal phrase can be used to introduce the information.
In-text citations include the last name of the author or authors, followed by the year of publication in parentheses.
If you refer to the author's name in the signal phrase you do not have to include the name as part of your in-text citation, only the page number needs to be in the parentheses at the end of the quote.
For example:
Hunt (2015) explains that mother-infant attachment has been a leading topic of developmental research since John Bowlby found that “children raised in institutions were deficient in emotional and personality development” (p. 315).
If the source has no author then use the first word or words of the title in italics and the year of publication in parentheses at the end of the sentence:
(Fundamentals of Nursing, 2015).
Notice that the period goes outside the parentheses at the end of your in-text citation.
Quoting Directly: When you quote directly from a source, enclose that section in quotation marks.
Add an in-text citation at the end of the quote with the author name and page number:
Mother-infant attachment has been a leading topic of developmental research since John Bowlby found that “children raised in institutions were deficient in emotional and personality development" (Hunt, 2015, p. 315).
Paraphrasing is putting a direct quote by another person into your own words. Paraphrases don't need quotation marks, but the idea still belongs to someone else, so always cite the author of the quote in the body (and reference page) of your paper.
If the direct quote is:
"Mother-infant attachment has been a leading topic of developmental research since John Bowlby found that 'children raised in institutions were deficient in emotional and personality development'" (Hunt, 2015, p. 358).
The paraphrase could look like this:
Mother-infant attachment has always been on the forefront of child developmental research from the time that Bowlby discovered that personality development in kids is lacking when they are brought up in children's homes (Hunt, 2015, p. 315).
If your quotation extends to more than four lines as you're typing your essay, it should be put into a 'block' format.
There are 4 rules that apply to long quotations that are different from regular quotations:
Example:
At the end of Lord of the Flies the boys are struck with the realization of their behavior:
The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now for the first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that emotion, the other little boys began to shake and sob too. (Golding 186)
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