APA Style: Writing & Citation

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year of Publication). Title of book: Subtitle if given (edition if given and is not first edition ed.). Publisher Name often shortened. https://doi.org/DOI-number (if given)

Example

Marotz, L. R. (2020). Health, safety, and nutrition for the young child (10th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Parenthetical Style

The author's last name, publication year, and page number(s) appear at the end of the quote.

Example:  (Marotz, 2020, p. 284)

Narrative Style

The author's last name is included as part of the sentence followed by the publication year in parentheses. The page number(s) in parentheses appears after the quote. 

Example: According to Marotz (2020) the "quote from the source" (p. 284).

Parenthetical Style

The author's last name and publication year appear at the end of the paraphrase.

Example: (Marotz, 2020)

Narrative Style

The author's last name is included as part of the sentence followed by the publication year in parentheses. 

Example: Marotz (2020) stated that...

First Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given., & Second Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year of Publication). Title of book: Subtitle if given (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher Name often shortened. https://doi.org/DOI-number (if given)

Example

Vincent, C., & Amalberti, R. (2016). Safer healthcare: Strategies for the real world. Springer Open. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25559-0

Parenthetical Style

The authors' last names, publication year, and page number(s) appear at the end of the quote.

Example:  (Vincent & Amalberti, 2016, p. 13)

Narrative Style

The authors' last names are included as part of the sentence followed by the publication year in parentheses. The page number(s) in parentheses appears after the quote. 

Example: According to Vincent and Amalberti (2016) the "quote from the source" (p. 13).

Parenthetical Style

The authors' last names and publication year appear at the end of the paraphrase.

Example: (Vincent & Amalberti, 2016)

Narrative Style

The authors' last names are included as part of the sentence followed by the publication year in parentheses. 

Example: Vincent and Amalberti (2016) stated that...

If your source has three to twenty authors, include all of the authors' last names, first initials, and second initials (if given) in the Reference List citation.
 

First Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given., Second Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given., & Last Name of Final Author, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of book: Subtitle if given (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher Name often shortened. https://doi.org/DOI-number (if given)

Examples

Nelson, B., Phillips, A., & Steuart, C. (2019). Guide to computer forensics and investigations (6th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., Orr, R., Rawle, F. E., Durnford, D. G., Moyes, C. D., & Scott, K. G. E. (2024). Campbell biology (4th Canadian edition). Pearson.

Parenthetical Style

The first author's last name and et al., publication year, and page number(s) appear at the end of the quote.

Example:  (Urry et al., 2024, p. 42)

Narrative Style

The first author's last name and et al. are included as part of the sentence followed by the publication year in parentheses. The page number(s) in parentheses appears after the quote. 

Example: According to Urry et al. (2024) the "quote from the source" (p. 42).

Parenthetical Style

The first author's last name and et al., and publication year appear at the end of the paraphrase.

Example:  (Urry et al., 2024)

Narrative Style

The first author's last name and et al. are included as part of the sentence followed by the publication year in parentheses. 

Example: Urry et al. (2024) stated that ...

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year of Publication). Title of book: Subtitle if given (edition if given and is not first edition ed.). Publisher Name often shortened. https://doi.org/DOI-number-if-given

Example

Schanbacher, W. D. (2019). Food as a human right: Combatting global hunger and forging a path to food sovereignty. Praeger.

Required elements: Author's Last Name, Year, Page Number
 

Note: If the eBook does not have page numbers, other information such as chapter and/or section is given so that the reader can easily locate the quote. 

Examples

Parenthetical Style: (Schanbacher, 2019, p. 55)

Narrative Style: According to Schanbacher (2019), the "quote from the source" (p.55).

Required elements: Author's Last Name, Year
 

Examples

Parenthetical Style: (Schanbacher, 2019)

Narrative Style: According to Schanbacher (2019), ...

First Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given., & Second Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year of Publication). Title of book: Subtitle if given (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher Name often shortened. https://doi.org/DOI-number (if given)

Example

Vincent, C., & Amalberti, R. (2016). Safer healthcare: Strategies for the real world. Springer Open. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25559-0

Required elements: Authors' Last Names, Year, Page Number
 

Note: If the eBook does not have page numbers, other information such as chapter and/or section is given so that the reader can easily locate the quote. 

Examples

Parenthetical Style: (Vincent & Amalberti, 2016, p. 13)

Narrative Style: According to Vincent and Amalberti (2016) the "quote from the source" (p. 13).

Required elements: Authors' Last Names, Year

Examples

Parenthetical Style: (Vincent & Amalberti, 2016)

Narrative Style: Vincent and Amalberti (2016) stated that...

If your source has three to twenty authors, include all of the authors' last names, first initials, and second initials (if given) in the Reference List citation.
 

First Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given., Second Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given., & Last Name of Final Author, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of book: Subtitle if given (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher Name often shortened. https://doi.org/DOI-number-if-given

Example

Guo, B., Liu, X., & Tan, X. (2017). Petroleum production engineering (2nd ed.). Gulf Professional Publishing.

Required elements: Authors' Last Names, Year, Page Number
 

Note: If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation. If the eBook does not have page numbers, other information such as chapter and/or section is given so that the reader can easily locate the quote. 

Examples

Parenthetical Style: (Guo et al., 2017, p.47)

Narrative Style: According to Guo et al. (2017) the "quote from the source" (p. 47).

Required elements: Authors' Last Names, Year
 

Note: If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation.
 

Examples

Parenthetical Style: (Guo et al., 2017)

Narrative Style: According to Guo et al. (2017)...

Author of chapter/article’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication of Course Pack). Title of chapter or article from course pack. In First Initial. Last Name of Instructor Who Created Course Pack if Listed (Comp.), Title of course pack (pp. first page of reading-last page of reading). Seneca Polytechnic.

Example

Morris, M. (2014). The lifeguard. In T. Hay (Comp.), SES 225: Stories of youth (pp.125-132). Seneca Polytechnic.

Note: Seneca Libraries recommends listing the instructor/professor as a compiler for the course pack. This is indicated with the (Comp.) after their name.

Required elements: Authors' Last Names, Year, Page Number

Note: If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation. If the eBook does not have page numbers, other information such as chapter and/or section is given so that the reader can easily locate the quote. 

Examples

Parenthetical Style: (Morris, 2014, p. 125)

Narrative Style: According to Morris (2014) the "quote from the source" (p. 125).

Required elements: Authors' Last Names, Year


Examples

Parenthetical Style: (Morris, 2014)

Narrative Style: According to Morris (2014)...

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of laboratory manual: Subtitle if given (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher Name often shortened.

Example

Wassenaar-Faber, M. (2015). BIO173 lab manual: Introduction to biological techniques part I. Seneca Polytechnic. 

(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page Number)

Example

(Wassenaar-Faber, 2015, p.55)

(Author's Last Name, Year)

Example

(Wassenaar-Faber, 2015)

Author's Last Name, Author's First Initial. (Publication Year). Title of case study. Case Study Number (if given). Database main URL

Note: If your source has two to twenty authors, include all of the authors' last names, first initials, and second initials (if given) in the Reference List citation.

Examples

Berry, A. (2024). Banning TikTok: A case study of communication in international relations. https://library.senecapolytechnic.ca/res/sagebuscase 

Jones, G. G., & Rahmani, M. (2022). In search of global regulation. Harvard Business School Case 822-122. https://library.senecapolytechnic.ca/res/harvardcasestudies

Poulose, J., Sharma, V., Kapse, M., & Payal, R. (2024). Understanding generational and perceptual differences in ethical behavior: Growing old is not the same as growing up! https://library.senecapolytechnic.ca/res/sagebuscase

(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page Number)

Note: If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation.

Examples

(Berry, 2024, p. 7)

(Jones & Rahmani, 2022, p.5)

(Poulose et al., 2024, p. 3)

(Author's Last Name, Year)

Note: If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation.

Examples

(Berry, 2021)

(Jones & Rahmani, 2022)

(Poulose et al., 2024)

Author's Last Name, Author's First Initial. (Publication Year). Title of case study. Case study number (if given). URL

Note: If your source has two to twenty authors, include all of the authors' last names, first initials, and second initials (if given) in the Reference List citation.

Examples

Henderson, R. M., Locke, R. M., & Lyddy, C. (2019). Nike considered: Getting traction on sustainability. https://mitsloan.mit.edu/teaching-resources-library/nike-considered-getting-traction-sustainability 

Shotts, K. W., & Melvin, S. (2021). Intellectual property in a time of pandemic: The COVID-19 vaccines. Case No. ETH33. https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/case-studies/intellectual-property-time-pandemic-covid-19-vaccines 

(Author's Last Names, Year, p. Page Number if given)

Note: If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation.

Examples

(Henderson et al., 2019, p. 4)

(Shotts & Melvin, 2021, p. 2)

(Author's Last Names, Year)

Note: If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation.

Examples

(Henderson et al., 2019)

(Shotts & Melvin, 2021)

Last Name of Case Study/Chapter Author, Author's First Initial. (Publication Year of Book). Title of case study or chapter. In First Initial. Last Name of Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. Page Numbers). Publisher.

Examples

Rivera, R. G. (2021). Green cause-related marketing for social innovation: Helping people to reimagine plastic recycling and sustainability. In M. M. Galan-Ladero, C. Galera-Casquet, & H. M. Alves (Eds.), Cause-related marketing: Case studies from a global perspective (pp. 19-30). Springer.

(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page Number if given)

Examples

(Rivera, 2021, p. 23)

(Author's Last Name, Year)

Examples

(Rivera, 2021)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number(Issue Number if Page Numbering Begins at 1 for Each Issue in the Volume), first page number-last page number. https://doi.org/number

Example

Bailey, N. W. (2012). Evolutionary models of extended phenotypes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 27(3), 561-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.05.011

Required elements: Author last name, year, page number

Examples

Parenthetical Style: (Bailey, 2012, p. 562)

Narrative Style: Bailey (2012) states that "insert quote here" (p. 562).

Required elements: Author last name, year

Examples

Parenthetical Style: (Bailey, 2012)

Narrative Style: Bailey (2012) finds that...

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given., & Last Name of Second Author, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number(Issue Number if Page Numbering Begins at 1 for Each Issue in the Volume), first page number-last page number. https://doi.org/number

Example

Lane, J. D., & Williams, R. B. (1987). Cardiovascular effects of caffeine and stress in regular coffee drinkers. Psychophysiology, 24(2), 157-164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00271.x

Required elements: Authors' last names, year, page number

Examples

Parenthetical Style: (Lane & Williams, 1987, p. 158)

Narrative Style: Lane and Williams (1987) state that "insert quote here" (p. 158).

Required elements: Authors' last names, year

Examples

Parenthetical Style: (Lane & Williams, 1987)

Narrative Style: Lane and Williams (1987) find that...

If your source has three to twenty authors, include all of the authors' last names, first initials, and second initials (if given) in the Reference List citation.
 

First Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given., Second Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given., Third Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given., & Last Name of Final Author, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number(Issue Number if Page Numbering Begins at 1 for Each Issue in the Volume), first page number-last page number. https://doi.org/number

Examples

Duell, N., Steinberg, L., Icenogle, G., Chein, J., Chaudhary, N., Di Giunta, L., Dodge, K. A., Fanti, K. A., Lansford, J. E., Oburu, P., Pastorelli, C., Skinner, A. T., Sorbring, E., Tapanya, S., Uribe Tirado, L. M., Alampay, L. P., Al-Hassan, S. M., Takash, H. M. S, Bacchini, D., & Chang, L. (2017). Age patterns in risk taking across the world. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(5), 1052–1072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0752-y

Pempek, T. A., Yermolayeva, Y. A., & Calvert, S. L. (2009). College students' social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 3(2), 227-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.010

Tobaldini, E., Costantino, G., Solbiati, M., Cogliati, C., Kara, T., Nobili, L., & Montano, N. (2017). Sleep, sleep deprivation, autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular diseases. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 74(Pt B), 321–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.004

If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation.

Required elements: First author's last name, year, page number
 

Parenthetical style examples

(Pempek et al., 2009, p. 230)

(Tobaldini et al., 2017, p. 325)

(Duell et al., 2017, p. 1060)

Narrative style examples

Duell et al. (2017) state that "insert quote here" (p. 1060).

Pempek et al. (2009) state that "insert quote here" (p. 230).

Tobaldini et al. (2017) state that "insert quote here" (p. 325).

Required elements: First author's last name, year

Parenthetical style examples

(Pempek et al., 2009)

(Tobaldini et al., 2017)

(Duell et al., 2017)

Narrative style examples

Pempek et al. (2009) find that...

Tobaldini et al. (2017) find that...

Duell et al. (2017) find that...

When the work has 21 or more authors, include only the first 19 names, an ellipsis, and the final name.

Example

Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C., Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . . Kovács, A. (2019). Indie pop rocks mathematics: Twenty One Pilots, Nicolas Bourbaki, and the empty set. Journal of Improbable Mathematics, 27(1), 1935–1968. https://doi.org/10.0000/3mp7y-537

If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation. 

Required elements: First author's last name, year, page number

Examples

Parenthetical Style: (Wiskunde et al., 2019, p. 1937)

Narrative Style: Wiskunde et al. (2019) state that "insert quote here" (p. 1937).

Required elements: First author's last name, year, page number

Examples

Parenthetical Style: (Wiskunde et al., 2019)

Narrative Style: Wiskunde et al. (2019) state that...

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number(Issue Number if Page Numbering Begins at 1 for Each Issue in the Volume), first page number-last page number.

Example

Carlisle, D. (2012). In the line of fire. Nursing Standard, 26(39), 18-19.

Required elements: Author last name, year, page number

Examples

Parenthetical Style: (Carlisle, 2012, p. 18)

Narrative Style: Carlisle (2012) states that "insert quote here" (p. 18).

Required elements: Author last name, year

Examples

Parenthetical Style: (Carlisle, 2012)

Narrative Style: Carlisle (2012) finds that...

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication, Month Day if given). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Magazine, Volume Number(Issue Number if Page Numbering Begins at 1 for Each Issue in the Volume), first page number-last page number.

Note: If your source has two to twenty authors, include all of the authors' last names, first initials, and second initials (if given) in the Reference List citation.


Examples

Abernathy, J., Candelon, F., Evgeniou, T., Gupta, A., & Lostanlen, Y. (2024, March-April). Bring human values to AI. Harvard Business Review, 102(2), 60-68.

Bruder, J., & Saraswati, R. (2019, December). The immigrants who took on Amazon. Wired, 27(12), 58-69.

Gara, A. (2019, October). Wall Street's best dealmaker. Forbes, 202(8), 56-68.

Required elements: Author's last name(s), year, page number

Note: When there are no visible page numbers on the article, indicate which section (if given) and paragraph the quote came from in your in-text citation. If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation.

Parenthetical Style Examples:

(Abernathy et al., 2024, p.61)

(Bruder & Saraswati, 2019, p. 60)

(Gara, 2019, p. 61)

Narrative Style Examples:

Abernathy et al. (2024) state that "insert quote here" (p. 61).

Bruder & Saraswati (2019) state that "insert quote here" (p. 60).

Gara (2019) states that "insert quote here" (p. 61).

Required elements: Author's last name(s), year

Note: If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation.

Parenthetical Style Examples:

(Abernathy et al., 2024)

(Bruder & Saraswati, 2019)

(Gara, 2019)

Narrative Style Examples:

Abernathy et al. (2024) find that...

Bruder & Saraswati (2019) find that...

Gara (2019) finds that...

Note: If your source has two to twenty authors, include all of the authors' last names, first initials, and second initials (if given) in the Reference List citation.
 

Last Name of Author(s), First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication, Month Day if given). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Magazine, Volume Number(Issue Number if given), first page number-last page number if given. http://UR

Examples

Andersen, R. (2024, June 12). A wild plan to avert catastrophic sea-level rise. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2024/07/nasa-nisar-mission-glaciers-sea-ice-thwaites/678522/

Chevallier, A., Dalsace, F., & Barsoux, J. (2024, May-June). A art of asking smarter questions. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2024/05/the-art-of-asking-smarter-questions

Fox, M. J., & Brooks, D. W. (2024, January 15). A key to detecting brain disease earlier than ever. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/a-key-to-detecting-brain-disease-earlier-than-ever/

Required elements: Author's last name(s), year, page number

Note: When there are no visible page numbers on the article, indicate which section (if given) and paragraph the quote came from in your in-text citation. If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation.

Parenthetical Style Examples:

(Andersen, 2024, para. 2)

(Chevallier et al., 2024, para. 5)

(Fox & Brooks, 2024, para. 1)

Narrative Style Examples:

Andersen (2024) states that "insert quote here" (para. 2).

Chevallier et al. (2024) state that "insert quote here" (para. 5).

Fox & Brooks (2024) state that "insert quote here" (para. 1).

Required elements: Author's last name(s), year

Note: If your source has three to twenty authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al." in your in-text citation.

Parenthetical Style Examples:

(Andersen, 2024)

(Chevallier et al., 2024)

(Fox & Brooks, 2024)

Narrative Style Examples:

Andersen (2024) finds that...

Chevallier et al. (2024) find that...

Fox & Brooks (2024) find that...

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication, Month). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Magazine, Volume Number(Issue Number if Page Numbering Begins at 1 for Each Issue in the Volume), first page number-last page number.

Example

Abramsky, S. (2012, May). The other America 2012. Nation, 294(20), 11-18.

(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page Number)

Example

(Abramsky, 2012, p. 14)

(Author's Last Name, Year)

Example

(Abramsky, 2012)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. or Group Name. (Year posted). Text of post up to first twenty words [Description of attached content] [Post or Video]. LinkedIn. http://URL

Notes: Since posts don't have exact dates, use an approximate year for the date element. If the post includes other content, add this information in square brackets after the post element. Examples include [Image attached], [Thumbnail with link attached], [Video attached]. 

Example

Statistics Canada. Using data from the Canadian #Housing Statistics Program, our latest article shows that first-time home buyers in #BritishColumbia had higher [Image attached] [Post]. https://www.linkedin.com/posts/statcan_housing-britishcolumbia-novascotia-activity-6846187529159380992-kbKh

(Author's Last Name or Group Name, Year)

Example

(Statistics Canada, 2021)

(Author's Last Name or Group Name, Year)

Example

(Statistics Canada, 2021)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. or Group Name. (n.d.). Page title [LinkedIn page]. LinkedIn. Retrieved date, from http://URL

Notes: Since profiles don't have update dates, use n.d. in the date element. For page title, identify the section on the profile, such as Home, About, Jobs. 

Example

O'Brien, C. Home [LinkedIn page]. LinkedIn. Retrieved 22 September 2021, from  https://www.linkedin.com/in/conanobrien

(Author's Last Name or Group Name, n.d.)

Example

(O'Brien, n.d.)

(Author's Last Name or Group Name, n.d.)

Example

(O'Brien, n.d.)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. or Group Name [@Username]. (Year of post, Month Day). Content of post up to first twenty words [Format of post, such as photograph(s), video]. Instagram. http://postURL

Example

Statistics Canada [@statcan_eng]. (2019, November 7). Did you know that 33% of graduates from the class of 2015 paid off their student debt within three years [Infographic]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B4kuBnolB1J/

Note: Write out the actual text of the forum post title in the citation and keep spelling and grammar the same as in the original, even if there are errors.

(Author's Last Name or Group Name, Year)

Example

(Statistics Canada, 2019)

(Author's Last Name or Group Name, Year)

Example

(Statistics Canada, 2019)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. or Group Name [@XUsername]. (Year of post, Month Day). Text of post up to first twenty words [Post]. Twitter. http://XPostURL

Example

CBC Toronto [@CBCToronto]. (2019, November 15). Many Canadians are frustrated by the overpackaging of food and household necessities at the grocery store, where they are often found in plastic bags, wrap, boxes and trays [Post]. https://twitter.com/CBCToronto/status/1195318121143422976

Note: Write out the actual text of the post in the citation and keep spelling and grammar the same as in the original, even if there are errors.

(Author's Last Name or Group Name, Year)

Example

(CBC Toronto, 2019)

Note: Because tweets do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings,this information is left out of the in-text citation.

(Author's Last Name or Group Name, Year)

Example

(CBC Toronto, 2019)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. or Group Name. (Year of post, Month Day). Text of post up to first twenty words [Description of audiovisual content if included in post]. Facebook. http://postURL

Example

Seneca Polytechnic. (2019, November 28). Future Workforce student panel represented by Seneca students! Future Workforce is a gathering of 200+ employers of students and new [Image attached]. Facebook. https://bit.ly/2YAeI4z 

Note: Write out the actual text of the post in the citation and keep spelling and grammar the same as in the original, even if there are errors.

(Author's Last Name or Group Name, Year)

Example

(Seneca Polytechnic, 2019)

Note: Because posts do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings, this information is left out of the in-text citation.

(Author's Last Name or Group Name, Year)

Example

(Seneca Polytechnic, 2019)

Account Name [@username]. (Year posted, Month Day). Text of post up to first twenty words [Video]. TikTok. http://URL

Example

Saturday Night Live [@nbcsnl]]. (2021, March 29). Ok but for real what is an NFT [Video]. https://www.tiktok.com/@nbcsnl/video/6945222679502785797

Note: Write out the actual text of the post in the citation and keep spelling and grammar the same as in the original, even if there are errors.

(Author's Last Name or Group Name, Year, Timestamp for beginning of quote)

Example

(Saturday Night Live, 2021, 0:10)

(Author's Last Name or Group Name, Year)

Example

(Saturday Night Live, 2021)

"Infections are often contracted while patients are recovering in the hospital" (J. D. Black, personal communication, May 30, 2013)

Note: If the name of the person who was interviewed is mentioned in the sentence leading into the quote or paraphrased content, you do not need to repeat it in the in-text citation.

J. D. Black explained that "infections are often contracted while patients are recovering in the hospital" (personal communication, May 30, 2013).

Reference List Citation

Get on board for train safety. (2012, June 17). Toronto Star.

In-text Citation

Paraphrase: ("Get on Board," 2012)

Direct Quote: ("Get on Board," 2012, p. A14)

Note the capitalization of the title in the in-text citation. You may shorten long titles.

Reference List Citation

Introduction to food science. (2018). ABC Press.

In-text Citation

Paraphrase: (Introduction to Food Science, 2018)

Direct Quote: (Introduction to Food Science, 2018, p.25)

If the title of the source is Italicized in the reference list citation, remember to Italicize the title in your in-text citation. You don't need to surround the title in quotation marks if the title is in Italics. Note the capitalization of the title in the in-text citation.